This document addresses a method for the authentication of the special
types of Usenet articles that are used to maintain the namespace of
Usenet groups. A basic familiarity with what the Usenet control
message types "newgroup", "rmgroup" and "checkgroups" do is assumed;
this is not a tutorial in namespace administration.
Usenet articles are notoriously easy to forge, and control messages
are no exception. Since administrators often want to have their news
systems automatically honor requests from some particular people to
add or remove newsgroups, it is risky to trust the From: and Sender:
headers to identify the real sender of a message, as has historically
been done. Thus a system using Philip Zimmerman's
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) was developed to
provide a more secure means of authenticating the sender of a control
message.
Unlike traditional PGP authentication of messages, which just
verifies that the contents of the body of a message are unchanged from
when it was digitally "signed", this system also needed to sign a few
headers of the control message to verify the action to be taken and
to guard against certain other pitfalls. Another goal was to make the
signature as unobtrusive as possible and require minimal changes to
existing software in order to work.
How to Verify Control Messages
Listed below are the steps you need to take to enable PGP
authentication of control messages on your system.
WARNING: The instructions for INN below are only for
very old versions of INN. If you are using a current version of INN
(2.0 or later), please see the documentation that comes with INN rather
than following these instructions.
Here is the short and simple version for someone who feels confident
hacking around the news system and doesn't like to read a lot:
Enable verification through the news system authorization system.
INN:
Use the action verify-pgp_userid (possibly appended
=logfile) in control.ctl.
C News:
Use the action p in the fourth field of controlperm
followed by a suitable pgp_userid in the fifth field.
D News:
Use the action doit,pgp in control.conf.
ANU News:
Use the HELP ADD FILE PGP_verification ANU command.
Other systems:
Sorry, not implemented yet.
Test pgpverify.
If you have the news.announce.newgroups key in your key ring, run
ftp://ftp.isc.org/pub/pgpcontrol/sample.control
through pgpverify on stdin. It should spit out the
string "news.announce.newgroups" on stdout.
Here is a more verbose version of the instructions:
Get the software.
There are two pieces of code that will need to be added to a news
server to make use of this authentication system: a stand-alone
script that verifies an article is what it says it is, and a
patch to hook it into the news server's processing of control messages.
The stand-alone program,
ftp://ftp.isc.org/pub/pgpcontrol/pgpverify,
is a
Perl script that should work with Perl version
5.003 and up. (I have not tested it with earlier versions.) It does not
contain any code making it dependent on any particular news server
software.
C News version CR.G
(Courtesy of System Administrator <root@hp9000.laafb.af.mil> and
Charles Lindsey <chl@clw.cs.man.ac.uk>)
Newer versions of INN (since 1.5), D News and ANU News (since 6.2.0)
do not need to be patched, as they ship with built-in handling for pgp
verification. You can therefore skip past the "Install it on your
news system" section to "Enable verification for the hierarchies that
interest you". I recommend that you upgrade to at least
INN 1.5.1sec if you
are running any prior INN version, because it has a few important
security problems fixed.
I regret that I do not have the time to develop more patches, but I
will gladly add patches for other systems to this page as they are
made available to me. The INN version 1.4sec patch will apply to
all INN "unoff" versions, albeit with a little bit of fuzz. I am not
positive what versions of C News will work with the C News CR.G
patch; if you try it with other versions, please let me know how it goes.
Install it in your news system.
First you must ensure that the absolute paths to perl and to
pgp are correct in the first few lines of the pgpverify
program. No other configuration of options or pathnames should be
needed.
Next, the following steps assume, solely for the sake of making it
easy for me to write a simple recipe, that you have copied
pgpverify and the patch for your system to your news server as
/tmp/pgpverify and /tmp/pgpcontrol.pch respectively. I
have tried to format this so that you should be able to cut and paste
any of the lines in italics directly to your shell.
If you are running INN:
cd to the executable program directory that has ctlinnd.
mv /tmp/pgpverify pgpverify
cd to the root of your INN source tree.
cd sitepatch < /tmp/pgpcontrol.pchmake install
It has been reported to me that at least one AIX system has problems
with patch not applying the last section of
parsecontrol.pch. If you run AIX, double check it and apply by
manually editing, if necessary.
If you are running C News:
cd to the C News program directory that has spacefor.
mv /tmp/pgpverify pgpverify
cd to the root of your C News source tree.
cd ctlpatch < /tmp/pgpcontrol.pchmake install
If you are running some other system:
You're out of luck until someone writes a patch and instructions for
your system and makes it available to me for redistribution.
Enable verification for the hierarchies that interest you.
To verify messages, you must have a
PGP public key for each signer
that you wish to trust. It should be entered in a key ring that is
accessible to the user-id that runs the news system by running
pgp -ka on a file containing the key to add. For example, at a
site that runs the news server software as news, the following
command run by the news user-id should add the key bounded by
BEGIN and END "PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK" lines in the file /tmp/key
to the default key ring that would be used for authentication:
pgp -ka /tmp/key
As a general policy rule, control message signers will not use their
control message keys to introduce other keys, so when PGP asks you a
question similar to, "Would you trust this user to act as an
introducer and certify other people's public keys to you?" answer that
you would not.
After you have added the appropriate key to your key ring, you need to
tell the news software to validate the control messages received.
As implemented, the system will perform the requested action if the
message can be authenticated and it will mail the message to the news
system administrator if it cannot. Clearly there are other possible
actions that could be implemented, but I wanted to keep the patches
minimal. Future releases of the server software will probably have
increased flexibility.
If you are running INN:
Automatic processing of control messages is handled by
control.ctl, which you edit in the same site
subdirectory where you patched parsecontrol.
control.ctl has several lines at the beginning of it that
describe the format of the file, and there is an even longer
control.ctl(5) manual page. To enable PGP verification in
addition to the normal authorization done by control.ctl, use
the action verify-pgp_userid in the fourth field.
For example, if you trust group-admin@isc.org (currently Russ Allbery
<eagle@eyrie.org>) to manage groups in the "Big 8" hierarchies, you
could have lines like these (but don't use the backslash continuation,
which I have used here for readability; keep it all on one line):
Additionally, if you like the logging feature available with the
action doit=logfile, you can get the same logging
by using verify-pgp_userid=logfile.
If you are running C News:
Automatic processing of control messages is handled by
controlperm, which you edit in the subdirectory where you
patched the control message handling scripts. There is a
controlperm(5) manual page that describes its format. To
enable PGP verification in addition to the normal authorization done
by controlperm, use the action p in the fourth field
instead of y and add a fifth field for the pgp_userid.
For example, if you trust group-admin@isc.org (currently Russ Allbery
<eagle@eyrie.org>) to manage groups in the "Big 8" hierarchies, you
could have lines like these (but don't use the backslash continuation,
which I have used here for readability; keep it all on one line):
You could then remove the line that follows the comment, "but his name
can be forged, so don't let him rmgroup..."
If you are running D News:
Automatic processing of control messages is handled by
control.conf. To enable PGP verification in addition to the
normal authorization done by control.conf, use the action
pgp in the fourth field, in addition to whatever action you
want to happen. For example, if you trust group-admin@isc.org
to manage groups in the "Big 8"
hierarchies, you could have lines like these (but don't use the
backslash continuation, which I have used here for readability; keep
it all on one line):
Note that there is no provision, with the current D News
implementation, for checking that the signature matches a particular
string, just that it has a valid signature. This is probably
adequate security as long as you keep the news user's PGP key ring
limited only to people you trust to maintain newsgroup hierarchies.
Finally, if you have not installed pgp on your system in a
directory where D News normally looks for auxiliary programs, you will
need to add a pointer to it in dnews.conf, like this:
Instructions will (hopefully) soon appear here. In the meantime,
consult the HELP ADD FILE PGP_verification server command.
If you are running some other system:
You're out of luck until someone writes a patch and instructions for
your system and makes it available to me for redistribution.
Test the system.
Get
ftp://ftp.isc.org/pub/pgpcontrol/sample.control
and save it to a file on your system; /tmp/sample.control will
be used for this example. You'll use it to make sure things will work
as expected.
To verify the control message, you will need the
key for news.announce.newgroups
and authorization in your news system for group-admin@isc.org to
automatically perform "newgroup". Go ahead and enable it for the test
even if you don't want to really allow this, because it is easy enough
to rescind after the test by editing the control message authorization
file and removing the key with pgp -kr news.announce.newgroups.
You can check that the pgpverify part of the system will work
properly simply by feeding it the sample control message on stdin:
pgpverify < /tmp/sample.control
If if could run pgp and find the correct key in the default key ring,
the string news.announce.newgroups should be printed. The exit
status of the script, found in most shells with the command echo
$? as the next command after pgpverify, should be 0 (zero).
If it doesn't work, then
pgpverify -test < /tmp/sample.control
might give you some enlightment. It will print out the input that is
used for pgp (which is a reconstructed version of the input that
supposedly created the control message) as well as the output of PGP's
analysis of the message. Look especially closely at the latter, since
it can give you important information such as which keyring is being
used.
If it still doesn't work and you've tried and tried to figure out why,
email me a complete description of
the problem you are having and how you have tried to remedy it. At a bare
minimum, your mail should include a copy of the message you are trying to
verify, a typescript of the attempted execution of pgpverify -test,
and the output of pgp -kc and pgp -kvc
news.announce.newgroups.
When pgpverify passes its test, use the appropriate procedure
below for you news server to verify the authorization system.
If you are running INN:
First, cd to the directory where parsecontrol is installed.
Then execute the following four lines, in order, as the user who owns
the news system:
If the message verified correctly, the echo command should
output doit; otherwise, verification failed and the output
should be mail.
Edit /tmp/sample.control and change all occurences of
newusers to newgroups. Then repeat the
parsecontrol and echo lines. This time verification
should fail.
If you are running C News:
Because of the way C News is implemented, I have not taken the trouble
to find out how it can be tested without running through the whole
newgroup script. If you are testing with sample.control,
I think this should let you know whether things will work:
newsflag news.announce.newusers y
newgroup news.announce.newusers moderated < /tmp/sample.control
(newsflag is the C News program maint subdirectory; newgroup is
in the ctl subdirectory.)
You should get a mail message telling you that news.announce.newusers
was changed to moderated. If it didn't appear to work, doublecheck
the active file. If it really didn't work, fix the status of
the group with the following command then let me know about.
newsflag news.announce.newusers m
If the message did verify correctly, edit /tmp/sample.control
and change all occurences of newusers to newgroups.
Then repeat the newgroup line with an unmoderated
argument instead of moderated; the argument is unused in the
PGP verification code and doing it this way saves you the effort of
newsflagging things again.
With the changes to sample.control you should now get a mail
message saying, "authentication failed".
When you are all done, make sure news.announce.newusers is really
marked moderated in your active file.
If you are running D News:
It appears to me that currently you'll have to wait for a control
message to come in and see whether it does what you want. If it
doesn't, and you can't readily tell why, contact D News's customer
support staff.
If you are running ANU News (V6.2.0 or later):
Instructions will (hopefully) soon appear here. In the meantime,
consult the HELP ADD FILE PGP_verification server command.
If you are running some other system:
You're out of luck until someone writes a patch and instructions for
your system and makes it available to me for redistribution.
Format of Signed Control Messages
The format of the input to PGP for signing and verifying messages
is described in a separate document,
ftp://ftp.isc.org/pub/pgpcontrol/FORMAT.
It is intended for people who want to implement their own signing
and/or verifying programs instead of using pgpverify or signcontrol.
Frequently Asked Questions
How come this presumably valid messages doesn't check out with
pgpverify?
You don't have the latest version of pgpverify, which fixed
whatever bug is causing authentication of the message to fail.
You don't have your PGP configuration files and keyrings in the
default path used by pgp and PGPPATH is not correctly
set in your environment. Either move your PGP directory to the
default location or set the $ENV{'PGPPATH'} line in pgpverify.
(Warning: some INN versions set $HOME to _PATH_NEWSLIB,
so this might be the source of your trouble.)
You don't have the correct key for the user that signed it in your
key ring.
You are using a non-English version of pgp, set up with
a "Language = " line in your PGP config.txt file. This
means pgpverify can't find the string it is looking for in
the pgp output. pgpverify tries to overcome a non-English
language specification by setting LANGUAGE in the
environment before calling pgp, but pgp overrides the
runtime environment with the config.txt variables.
You cut-and-pasted the message in your window system, which
converted the tab characters in the original message into spaces in
the message you are trying to decode. Having this handled completely
correctly by the signing/verifying code is harder than you might first
think.
You are running pgpverify on a saved
copy of the article that includes an extraneous trailing newline, such
as might be inserted by saving the message from a mail handler or news
reader, that was not present in the original message.
You cut-and-pasted the sample INN control.ctl lines above
and left the continuation lines in, instead of joining each group of
three physical lines comprising one logical line to just one physical line.
This is a list of keys known to be used for maintaining various parts
of the newsgroup namespace. They are listed alphabetically by the
hierarchies they are used for, along with the email address they are
sent by and the pgp key userid of the signature (both for use in
control.ctl). The group that people should follow if they are
interested in tracking announcements about the hierarchy is also
listed. The "Check also" references point to locations that should
have identical public key blocks; it is best if you confirm the block
listed here by checking against the others.
The existence of key here only means that we trust the
person who uses it to be a responsible maintainer of that particular
hierarchy of groups. You are solely responsible for deciding whether
you will use the keys here at your own site.
AIOE
Control message sender: usenet@aioe.org
Key User ID: usenet@aioe.org
Administrative group: aioe.system
Check also:
Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
pub 1024/CB522BD1 1998/06/05 ausadmin@aus.news-admin.org
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: 2.6.3ia
mQCNAzV3rngAAAEEALmKaSxOB2MpJWPRzbDuYh1vOlE2qdtHIJvk9qKfE3ER8yAP
PVlHxs2aUYxpgFDt9ShVqcP3457zGUnbDQbzH3F9jVQKDIryYUvQHN3Saayr2pv9
17KXQmGK1TtDF2qSknyZeUubPjGSVYaNeVxALG35y2ZtMvtw2FL4gcrLUivRAAUR
tBthdXNhZG1pbkBhdXMubmV3cy1hZG1pbi5vcmeJAJUDBRA1iH+1UviBystSK9EB
AVfZBACCtHCzFS59eYCkpVwpSD+MfYnUQCr5B9QAn0sQoh+SauCAispP8nuObPd3
P+gV59T+fQoTda1IEUSeGtQaVZaJ/5p77C0vJOHt2sg5hOdSYdoa03cy3CxuqZtR
T3CwZN4GJkmHrcWcApIMnZS0GoIu5Ixt9tIpVkv6tEhbZehx4g==
=c+AC
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
BE
Control message sender: group-admin@usenet.be
Key User ID: be.announce.newgroups
Administrative group: be.announce
Check also:
Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
pub 1024/BA8601A1 1997/01/19 be.announce.newgroups
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: 2.6.3i
mQCNAzLiE1oAAAEEAMx8KAOO9TJzY8A9scImT1CFTZHe7gzynsvlzDprmGRoWYBa
xf1z61buwk24WnC/hXcHwKKxTi2gZ2UaFlrJLcsgtCo1+7000UYY1OrVSuojD5i6
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ybubtfdMjb2qvMQYHUvJzKiGymq02WTB6X+gZRKxywCroSU3057wLIAfX/GBe/zy
EMJV16sienUOFC5kjkkMEde4MA/QohlEKnGyt7xlWA==
=kCY2
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
BELWUE
Control message sender: news@news.belwue.de
Key User ID: belwue-hir-control
Administrative group: belwue.infos
Check also:
Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
pub 1024/EF6D6715 1997/06/25 ch-news-admin@use-net.ch
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: 2.6.3i
mQCNAzOxjWsAAAEEALEaVl7kSMbwlv85DA7HY23DwIQgIpgzIfklYpjW7lQgh8IA
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rkfuCvaM/zbW4pbftbIBEeopm7eDj7qW0GFr4kBiKgPn7ugznh+yx0KrRqUpgEqk
OO/PtUgGjGhGPg/Yycg1oE4OGq+hbsKJzQ1miwPO2VxWCQ==
=S2AP
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
CL
Control message sender: koordination@cl-netz.de
Key User ID: cl.netz.infos
Administrative group: cl.admin.infos
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: 2.6.2
mQCNAzHhqEwAAAEEAK4YEXf3jB1ArKUs8bUMT666mjovSpCiuNGhTClxwLvSJrrB
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KzhYhzUEfXdmNaooA+pYaDhl/SUGqh8q
=stal
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
CN
Control message sender: control@bentium.com
Key User ID: cn.admin.news.announce
Administrative group: cn.announce
pub 1024R/E001A845 2001-07-28 cn.admin.news.announce
Key fingerprint = 62 97 EE 33 F7 16 25 C1 A4 9E 47 BA C5 3E 5E 9E
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Version: GnuPG v1.2.5 (GNU/Linux)
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=j3d+
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
CN.BBS
Control message sender: control@cn-bbs.org
Key User ID: cn.bbs.admin.announce
Administrative group: cn.bbs.admin.announce
Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
pub 1024/D9662289 2002/08/04 cn.bbs.admin.announce
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Version: 2.6.3ia
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=YJgN
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
COMP, HUMANITIES, MISC, NEWS, REC, SCI, SOC, TALK
Control message sender: group-admin@isc.org
Key User ID: news.announce.newgroups
Administrative group: news.announce.newgroups
Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
pub 2048/99C39705 1997/07/25 ee.news
Usenet News
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ES
Control message sender: moderador@corus-es.org
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Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
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EUROPA
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Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
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FIDO.BELG
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FLORA
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GRISBI
Control message sender: grisbi-control@grisbi.org
Key User ID: grisbi-control@grisbi.org
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Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
pub 512/5D144299 1999/04/12 hun.admin.news
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IS
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Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
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ISU
Control message sender: news@news.isu.edu.tw
Key User ID: news@news.isu.edu.tw
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Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
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ITALIA
Control message sender: news@news.cineca.it
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Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
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JLUG
Control message sender: news@linux.or.jp
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Control message sender: guenter@gst0hb.north.de
Key User ID: maus-info
Administrative group: maus.info
Key for user ID: nippon.news.group
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NLO
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NNTPWORLD
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Key User ID: usenet@nntpworld.net
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Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
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NO
Control message sender: control@usenet.no
Key User ID: no-hir-control
Administrative group: no.usenet.admin
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Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
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RELCOM
Control message sender: coord@*.relcom.ru
Key User ID: relcom.newsgroups
Administrative group: relcom.netnews
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Type bits/keyID Date User ID
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SAT
Control message sender: satgroup@endicor.com
Key User ID: satgroup@endicor.com
Administrative group: sat.usenet.config
Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
pub 1024/98690EE9 1996/07/18 satgroup@endicor.com
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SCHULE
Control message sender: newsctrl@schule.de
Key User ID: schule.konfig
Administrative group: schule.admin
Check also:
Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
pub 1024/434E1955 1997/04/03 si.news.announce.newsgroups
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STAROFFICE
Control message sender: news@stardivision.de
Key User ID: staroffice.admin
Administrative group: staroffice.admin
Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
pub 1024/039A3B4D 2000/03/01 staroffice.admin
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STGT
Control message sender: stgt-control@news.uni-stuttgart.de
Key User ID: stgt-control
Administrative group: stgt.net
Check also:
Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID
pub 1024/CFBA947D 2000/10/25 stgt-control
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Version: 2.6.3i
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SZAF
Control message sender: hirtenrat@szaf.org
Key User ID: Hirtenrat
Administrative group: szaf.admin
Check also:
If you are responsible for sending control messages about authorized
changes to a newsgroup hierarchy, then
ftp://ftp.isc.org/pub/pgpcontrol/signcontrol will
sign your control messages so that pgpverify can authenticate
them. It is a Perl script that requires Perl version 5 or higher to
work. It has several configuration parameters that should be reviewed
before use.
When establishing a PGP key and control message sender, please use
tokens that are not tied to a particular individual. This makes it
easier to transfer the administrative responsibility when it finally
comes time. (The all-too-common "tale@uunet.uu.net" sender is still
appearing in Big 8 control messages because of its legacy in the
installed server base; eventually it will be completely phased out and
only group-admin@isc.org will be used.) Please also do not sign other
keys with the key that is used for control messages.
Note that the key you use should not include whitespace or angle
brackets, because some of the various pieces of software that deal
with the user id mishandle it. For the best results netwide, I
strongly recommend that you use only alphanumeric characters, the at
sign, dot, dash, plus and underscore.
![[ICO]](/icons/blank.gif){kind=icon}
![[PARENTDIR]](/icons/back.gif){kind=icon}
![[DIR]](/icons/folder.gif){kind=icon}
![[ ]](/icons/unknown.gif){kind=icon}
![[ ]](/icons/hand.right.gif){kind=icon}
![[TXT]](/icons/text.gif){kind=icon}
![[ ]](/icons/compressed.gif){kind=icon}
![[ ]](/icons/script.gif){kind=icon}